As with any surgery, there are some risks associated with tracheotomies. However, serious infections are rare.
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Early Complications that may arise during the tracheostomy procedure or soon thereafter include:
BleedingAir trapped around the lungs (pneumothorax)Air trapped in the deeper layers of the chest(pneumomediastinum)Air trapped underneath the skin around the tracheostomy (subcutaneous emphysema)Damage to the swallowing tube (esophagus)Injury to the nerve that moves the vocal cords (recurrent laryngeal nerve)Tracheostomy tube can be blocked by blood clots, mucus or pressure of the airway walls. Blockages can be prevented by suctioning, humidifying the air, and selecting the appropriate tracheostomy tube.
Many of these early complications can be avoided or dealt with appropriately with our experienced surgeons in a hospital setting.
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Over time, other complications may arise from the surgery.
Later Complications that may occur while the tracheostomy tube is in place include:
Accidental removal of the tracheostomy tube (accidental decannulation)Windpipe itself may become damaged for a number of reasons, including pressure from the tube; bacteria that cause infections and form scar tissue; or friction from a tube that moves too much
These complications can usually be prevented or quickly dealt with if the caregiver has proper knowledge of how to care for the tracheostomy site.
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Delayed Complications that may result after longer-term presence of a tracheostomy include:
Thinning (erosion) of the trachea from the tube rubbing against it (tracheomalacia)Development of a small connection from the trachea (windpipe) to the esophagus (swallowing tube) which is called a tracheo-esophageal fistulaDevelopment of bumps (granulation tissue) that may need to be surgically removed before decannulation (removal of trach tube) can occurNarrowing or collapse of the airway above the site of the tracheostomy, possibly requiring an additional surgical procedure to repair itOnce the tracheostomy tube is removed, the opening may not close on its own. Tubes remaining in place for 16 weeks or longer are more at risk for needing surgical closure
A clean tracheostomy site, good tracheostomy tube care and regular examination of the airway by an otolaryngologist should minimize the occurrence of any of these complications.
High-risk groups
The risks associated with tracheostomies are higher in the following groups of patients:
children, especially newborns and infantssmokersalcohol abusersdiabeticsimmunocompromised patientspersons with chronic diseases or respiratory infectionspersons taking steroids or cortisone